UJSG Universal Joint Standard Grade

A universal joint, U joint, Cardan joint, Hardy-Spicer joint, or Hooke's joint is a joint in a rigid rod that allows the rod to 'bend' in any direction. It consists of a pair of ordinary hinges located close together, but oriented at 90° relative to each other.

History
The concept of the universal joint is based on the design of gimbals, which have been in use since antiquity. One anticipation of the universal joint was its use by the Ancient Greeks on ballistae. The first person known to have suggested its use for transmitting motive power was Gerolamo Cardano, an Italian mathematician, in 1545, although it is unclear whether he produced a working model. Christopher Polhem later reinvented it and it was called "Polhem knot". In Europe, the device is often called the Cardan joint or Cardan shaft. Robert Hooke produced a working universal joint in 1676, giving rise to an alternative name, the Hooke's joint. It was the American car manufacturer Henry Ford who gave it the name universal joint.

Angular speed

Angular output shaft speed ω2 for different angles β of the input shaft Output shaft angle for different angles β of the input shaft
However, when the two shafts are at an angle other than 180° (straight), the driven shaft does not rotate with constant angular speed in relation to the drive shaft; the more the angle goes toward 90° the jerkier the movement gets (clearly, when the angle β = 90° the shafts would even lock). However, the overall average speed of the driven shaft remains the same as that of driving shaft, and so speed ratio of the driven to the driving shaft on average is 1:1 over multiple rotations.

The angular speed ω2 of the driven shaft, as a function of the angular speed of the driving shaft ω1 and the angle of the driving shaft φ1, is found using:

Universal joints in a driveshaft
and the angular acceleration,

To prevent the jerky rotation of the axle or driven shaft there usually are two U-joints in a three part shaft assembly. The second U-joint will convert the jerky movement back to an even, uniform speed of the third shaft - if both the driving and the driven shaft are parallel and the two universal joints are correctly aligned with each other. Usually β <= 45°.

CV joint

homokinetic jointAnother way to prevent jerky movement is to use a constant-velocity joint (CV joint) or 'homokinetic' joint ('homo' meaning 'same', 'kinetic' meaning 'movement' or 'motion'). A homokinetic joint has the same function as a U joint but is constructed with a cage and steel balls moving in grooves, inside a 'dome' (see picture).

driveshaft from the transmission,
steel balls (in this case 6) in a 'cage'. The balls run in grooves in the dome.
cage, splined to the driveshaft
spherical 'dome' and outer driveshaft, part of the hub of the wheel.
For a CV joint ω2 = ω1 for any angle β.

A new design of constant velocity joint, the Thompson coupling, is a development of two universal joints assembled coaxially.

UJSG Union ofJewish Socialists' Group

The Jewish Socialists' Group (JSG) is a Jewish socialist collective in Britain, formed in the 1970s.

The JSG was founded in Manchester/Liverpool in the mid-1970s as lobby group campaigning against the fascist National Front and for the left to relate more positively to Jewish issues. A London branch formed in 1977 .

The JSG supported the original Anti-Nazi League and was active in street-level militant anti-fascism. It participated in the Beyond the Fragments conference which sought to renew democratic socialism.

In the early 1980s, it was active in campaigning for peace in Israel/Palestine, becoming a founding member of the International Jewish Peace Union and the Campaign for Israel-Palestine Peace (CIPP).

It developed a perspective drawing on the tradition of the Bund, stressing Yiddishism, cultural pluralism and a commitment to the vitality of the diaspora. In this it worked with French neo-Bundist Richard Marienstrasse and the Medem Jewish Socialist Group in New York.

In the mid-1980s, it became associated with the Greater London Council's municipal socialism and multiculturalism, receiving funding to launch Jewish Cultural and Anti-Racist Project (JCARP). It was frequently in conflict with the Jewish communal leadership, and in particular the Association of Jewish Ex-Servicemen (AJEX).

A magazine, Jewish Socialist, was launched in 1985, which continues publication today. Some of the figures associated with the JSG in this period included Battle of Cable Street veteran Charlie Goodman, Joe Garman, veteran Jewish trade unionist Mick Mindel, poet Michael Rosen, and Bundist veteran Majer Bogdanski.

Activities in the 1990s include the launch of the Szmul Zygielbojm Memorial Committee, comedy nights featuring Jo Brand, Jeremy Hardy, Linda Smith, Arnold Brown and Ivor Dembina, and events commemorating the Bund’s 100th anniversary celebration.

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